protues

start to construct the circuit using software by using PROTUES before test it at the board. so, the problem like component burn, broken or so on will minimize.

new sem for FYP2

in this sem, i continue from FYP1 to FYP2. this sem, i need to construct circuit, and the end of week 14, there has demonstration for my project.

BATTERY

DIFFERENCE between non-rechargeable and rechargeable battery:

• Non rechargeable batteries are called primary batteries, while rechargeable batteries are called secondary batteries

• A chemical reaction goes inside non rechargeable batteries’ that release electricity needed to run appliances

• The chemical reaction can be reversed to send or rush electricity inside rechargeable batteries to charge them

• Non rechargeable batteries are cheaper than rechargeable batteries that however prove to be more cost effective because of their ability to be recharged hundreds of times.

Types of popular rechargeables:

NiCad (Nickel Cadmium)- Cheapest and if not properly maintained will get a memory drastically reducing their battery life (drain quicker). Not for use in high drain devices like cameras - unless you like to pack lots of batteries.

NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) - Long life, middle cost, no memory - need special chargers - smart or passive. Good for high drain devices

Lion (Lithium Ion) - More specialized batteries. Last a really long time. Most expensive in most cases. Good for high drain devices. Usually require smart chargers.

p/s: i prefer NiMH because the current are higher compare to other rechargeable battery.

MAIN SOURCES

1. SOLAR PANEL

6V, 1W

2. RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

component

Before test in the software, must identified the component that used in this project.

1. voltage regulator

The LM317 is a linear voltage regulator used in DC to DC converter applications. The overall function of the LM317 is similar to that of the LM78xx series regulators. Whereas the 7805 series of regulators have fixed output voltages (ex. 7805 has 5V output), the LM317 can be adjusted to any voltage 

2. diode

A diode allows electricity to flow in one direction only and blocks the flow in the opposite direction. They may be regarded as one-way valves and they are used in various circuits, usually as a form of protection. 

3. resistor

Resistors are the most commonly used component in electronics and their purpose is to create specified values of  current and voltage in a circuit.

4. variable resistor

A variable resistor informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.

5. capacitor

Capacitors are components that are used to store an electrical charge and are used in timer circuits.  Sometimes capacitors are used to smooth a current in a circuit as they can prevent false triggering of other components such as relays. When power is supplied to a circuit that includes a capacitor - the capacitor charges up. When power is turned off the capacitor discharges its electrical charge slowly.

6. transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. 

7. relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

8. microcontoller: pic16877a

PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. They are also commonly used in educational programming as they often come with the easy to use 'pic logicator' software.

9. LED

LED just act as signal to show the current are flow in the circuit.

circuit

for this charger, there has 3 divide of circuit
 1. controller charging
 2. voltage sensor
 3. pic & relay

software that using for this project

Protues Software

The software that used in this project is Proteus VSM. This software that animated components and microprocessor models to facilitate co-simulation of complete microcontroller based design. The most important using the Proteus VSM is its ability to simulate the interaction between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or digital electronics connected to it. Furthermore, we need to convert the energy into electricity to charge the battery by using the voltage comparator. Besides that, in this software it has many components compare to other software. 

MPLAB IDE

Then, others software that use in this project is MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE). It is an integrated toolset for the development of embedded applications employing Microchip’s PIC and dsPIC microcontroller. It is serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for additional Microchip and third party software and hardware development tools.

For our project, we use PIC16F877A as our microcontroller. In this coding, we use C compiler. In this software, it suitable because C compiler is included into MPLAB IDE functions. Furthermore, before run the project, we must download the coding into microcontroller. By using this software, we can create the program, enter and assemble, then download the program. After that, run the program and simulate it.